Specifically, more than 30% of adult men and women between the ages of 30 and 64 years report sleeping less than 6 hours per night in 2004.
National data also indicate that a greater percentage of adult Americans reported sleeping 6 hours or less in 2004 than in 1985 based on subjective self-report data. In a population based study of objectively measured sleep patterns in 2000, Jean-Louis and associates reported that adults age 40-64 were sleeping only an average of 6.22 hours. Average nightly sleep duration has declined even over the past several years. However, studies have indicated that the self-reported sleep duration of Americans has decreased by 1.5 to 2 hours over the past 40 years, to a mean of 7-7.9 hours. Research have shown that sleep duration in healthy young adults stabilized at approximately 8.2 hours after elimination of prior sleep debt. This article reviews what is currently known about the relationship between sleep duration during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes, with a special emphasis on preterm delivery and postpartum depression.Īlthough sleep needs may vary by age and gender, the National Sleep Foundation has recommended 7 to 8 hours of sleep per 24 hours for adults. Limited evidence also suggests an association between sleep problems and maternal depression. Several authors have hypothesized that sleep deprivation may increase the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Maternal depression has been well documented to adversely impact maternal-child relationships, parenting practices, family functioning, and children's development and general well-being. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are also times when women are at a heightened risk of depression. ĭuring pregnancy and the postpartum period, women are at particular risk for sleep restriction because of the physical changes of pregnancy and the need to provide frequent infant care. To meet the demands and opportunities of our modern society, having adequate sleep is often at the bottom of the priority list for American women who try to balance work and family life. To date, despite the multiple competing demands women face in modern society, 75% of sleep research has been conducted in men, although there is increased interest in sleep research in women. Increasing evidence also suggests that sleep deprivation may increase mortality. Sleep deprivation has become a major public health concern in the United States because of its detrimental effects on cognitive functioning over time, accidents and errors in the workplace, and alterations in metabolic and endocrine function of individuals. Future research with longitudinal study designs is needed to allow examination of the effect of sleep deprivation on adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
Prior research on sleep in pregnancy has been limited by varying data collection methods, subjective self- reported sleep measures, small and non-representative samples, cross-sectional designs descriptive or non-hypothesis driven studies.
We review supporting evidence for the hypotheses that sleep deprivation during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm delivery and postpartum depression, and that systematic inflammation is the causal mechanism in the association. This review summarizes the existing data on the effect of sleep deprivation during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes. However, little research has directly examined how sleep deprivation may affect maternal and fetal outcomes. This is important because higher plasma concentations of pro-inflammatory serum cytokine levels are associated with postpartum depression and adverse birth outcomes such as preterm delivery. Prior research has indicated that sleep deprivation is associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory serum cytokines. Consequently, sleep needs are often pushed to the bottom of women's daily priority list. Women occupy an increasingly prominent place in the work force without reducing most of their responsibilities at home. Sleep duration in the population has been declining.
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